Energy Transformation in Poland and Vietnam: Challenges and Opportunities for Integrating Renewable Energy in Coal Dependent Countries

Abstract

The aim of this article is a comparative analysis of the energy transition in Poland and Vietnam (2015 – 2025) to identify technical, regulatory and socio economic factors that accelerated deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) in coal dependent economies. The analysis covers pace and structure of RES deployment, PV and wind technology performance, impact of support mechanisms (auctions, feed - in tariffs, Just Transition funds), role of hybrid systems and storage, and socio economic consequences of post mining land revitalisation. The objectives of this study are to assess the tempo and structure of RES deployment in Poland and Vietnam (2015 – 2025), to identify policy and institutional drivers affecting investment decisions, to compare PV and wind technical performance under local conditions, and to evaluate the role of hybrid systems and storage for system stability and socio economic outcomes in post mining regions. Based on data and case studies we propose policy and technical recommendations: transmission grid modernization, scale - up of Li - ion storage and Power - to - X pilots, incentives for hybrid investments, and Poland – Vietnam R&D cooperation.