Surface Stream Water Management in Northern Vietnam’s High-Mountain, Water-Scarce Regions: Status Evaluation and Strategic Solutions

Abstract

This study investigates surface stream water scarcity in high-mountain areas of Northern Vietnam, specifically Cao Bang, Tuyen Quang, and Son La - where seasonal variability, deforestation, pollution, and limited infrastructure severely affect water security. Using a multi-method approach including field surveys, secondary data analysis, and a scoring system (1 ÷ 5), the research assessed influences from natural, socioeconomic, and technological factors. Findings show that nearly 69% of surface water facilities in the Northwest region are degraded, with extraction inefficiencies heightened during dry seasons. The lack of integrated management, weak regulatory frameworks, and limited community participation further compound the instability of water sources. To address these challenges, the study introduces a cause-effect model and proposes six strategic solution groups: improving governance systems, protecting upstream forests, upgrading infrastructure, adopting climate-resilient designs, enhancing water treatment methods, and promoting community-based management. These strategies are tailored to the unique environmental and socioeconomic conditions of high-mountain regions. Unlike earlier research that focused on isolated issues, this work offers a holistic framework for sustainable water resource planning. The practical value lies in its low-cost, locally adaptable solutions that support long-term water availability and resilience in vulnerable communities. Policymakers and stakeholders are encouraged to utilize the findings to improve water access and promote sustainable development across water-stressed rural landscapes in Northern Vietnam.